absolute NINO12, NINO3, NINO3.4, NINO4, relative NINO12, NINO3, NINO3.4, NINO4 (1880-now, ERSST v5, relative is relative to 20S-20N, i.e., without global warming, recommended)

NINO12, NINO3, NINO3.4, NINO4 (1870-now, HadISST1)

NINO12, NINO3, NINO3.4, NINO4 (1856-1981 Kaplan, 1982-now NCEP OISSTv2)

SOI (1866-now, Jones)

SOI (1882-now, NCEP)

Precipitation Niño indices: GPCC, CRU TS land , CMORPH satellite

MEI (1950-now, NOAA/ESRL/PSD)

Warm Water Volume (5°S-5°N, 120°E-80°W, 1980-now, PMEL/TAO)

WWV (5°S-5°N, 120°E-80°W, 1960-now, POAMA/PEODAS)

temperature averaged to 300m (130°E-80°W, 1979-now, GODAS)

NAO Gibraltar-Stykkisholmur (1821-now, Jones)

NAO Azores-Stykkisholmur (1865-2002, data from Jones)

NAO (pattern-based, 1950-now, CPC)

Summer NAO from NCEP/NCAR (1948-now), UCAR (1899-now), 20C (1871-2008) SLP

Arctic Oscillation derived from SLP (1899-2002, Thompson, Colorado State)

Arctic Oscillation (1950-now, NCEP/CPC)

Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation derived from HadSST (1850-now) and derived from ERSST (1880-now) SST 25°-60°N, 7°-75°W minus regression on Tglobal

Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation derived from HadSST (1850-now) and derived from ERSST (1880-now) SST EQ-60°N, 0°-80°W minus SST 60°S-60°N

East Atlantic, East Atlantic/Western Russia, Scandinavia and Polar/Eurasia patterns (1950-now, CPC)

West Pacific, East Pacific/North Pacific patterns (1950-now, CPC)

Pacific North American index and Tropical/Northern Hemisphere index, (1950-now, CPC)

4-yr time scale, based on HadSST3, HadISST1, ERSSTv5

Pacific Decadal Oscillation (1900-now, Mantua, U. Washington)

based on HadSST3 (1850-now), based on ERSST (1880-now)

DMI, SEIO, WIO based on HadISST (1870-now)

DMI, SEIO, WTIO based on HadISST1 (1870-now), DMI, SEIO, WTIO based on ERSST (1880-now)

1 (80°E), 2 (100°E), 3 (120°E), 4 (140°E), 5 (160°E), 6 (120°W), 7 (40°W), 8 (10°W), 9 (20°E), 10 (70°E) (1978-now, CPC)

QBO (1958-now, Cathy Smith, CDC)

reconstruction at 3, 5, 10, 30, 50, 90 hPa (Stefan Brönnimann)

Antarctic Oscillation (1979-now, CPC/NCEP)

Southern Annular Mode index (1957-now, BAS)

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6

HadCRUT4 Global average temperature (ocean only), northern hemisphere (ocean only), southern hemisphere (ocean only), tropics (ocean only) (1850-now Hadley Centre)

CRUTEM4 global land temperature (1850-now CRU / Hadley Centre)

HadCRUT4 Global average temperature ensemble, northern hemisphere ensemble, southern hemisphere ensemble, tropics ensemble (1850-now Hadley Centre)

NASA/GISS Ts+dSST Land-Ocean average temperature (ocean only), northern hemisphere, southern hemisphere (1880-now)

NOAA/NCEI Global average temperature (land, ocean), (1880-now)

HadCRUT4 filled in with kriging (1850-now, Cowtan and Way)

1850-now Land-ocean temperature, 1750-now land temperature Berkeley

Global, NH, SH, land, sea anomalies (1979-now, UAH v6.0)

Global, NH, SH anomalies (1978-now, RSS 4.0)

0-700m: Global upper ocean (NH, SH), Atlantic (N, S), Indian (N, S), Pacific (N, S), (1955-now, NODC)
0-2000m: Global upper ocean (NH, SH), Atlantic (N, S), Indian (N, S), Pacific (N, S), (2005-now, NODC)

global upper ocean heat content (0-700m, 1993-now, PMEL)

0-100m: Global upper ocean (NH, SH), Atlantic (N, S), Indian (N, S), Pacific (N, S), (1955-now, NODC)
0-700m: Global upper ocean (NH, SH), Atlantic (N, S), Indian (N, S), Pacific (N, S), (1955-now, NODC)
0-2000m: Global upper ocean (NH, SH), Atlantic (N, S), Indian (N, S), Pacific (N, S), (2005-now, NODC)

Global sea level from altimetry. (1993-now, AVISO)

Global sea level reconstruction (1902-2012, Dangendorf et al, uncertainty), extended with AVISO

Global sea level reconstruction (1880-2013, Church and White, uncertainty), extended with AVISO

Global sea level, oceans, seas from altimetry. Same with inverse barometer correction: global sea level, oceans, seas (1993-now, University of Colorado)

Global coastal sea level (error), rate of change (error) (1807-2002, PSMSL)

Mauna Loa CO₂ concentrations (1958-now, NOAA), logarithm

Global marine CO₂ concentrations (1980-now, NOAA), annual mean 0001-now, logarithm

Global marine CH₄ concentrations (1983-now, NOAA), annual mean 0001-now

CMIP5 historical & RCP2.6 CO₂, CH₄, GHG, GHG+aerosols, logarithm of CO₂, GHG, GHG+aerosols (1765-2300, IIASA)

CMIP5 historical & RCP4.5 CO₂, CH₄, GHG, GHG+aerosols, logarithm of CO₂, GHG, GHG+aerosols (1765-2300, IIASA)

CMIP5 historical & RCP6.0 CO₂, CH₄, GHG, GHG+aerosols, logarithm of CO₂, GHG, GHG+aerosols (1765-2300, IIASA)

CMIP5 historical & RCP8.5 CO₂, CH₄, GHG, GHG+aerosols, logarithm of CO₂, GHG, GHG+aerosols (1765-2300, IIASA)

SRES A1B, A1B, A1FI, A2, B1, B2, combined scenarios (1850-2100, IPCC)

Global fossil fuel, land use, total CO2 emissions, cumulative

Global stratospheric aerosol optical depth due to volcanic eruptions, NH,SH (1850-now, NASA/GISS)

Measured total solar irradiance (1978-now, WRC/PMOD)

Annual reconstructed solar constant (1610-2013)

Lean annual (1610-now), monthly (1882-now) reconstructed total solar irradiance

Sunspots (1749-now, SIDC)

Solar radio flux (1947-now, DRAO)

Annual reconstructed open solar flux (1675-2017), almost monthly (1964-2018), Lockwood

Length Of Day (1962-now, IERS)

Number of named storms, intense hurricanes per season over the North Atlantic (1944-2008, Landsea plus FAQ)

Annual number of hurricanes over the Atlantic observed, adjusted (1878-2008, Gabe Vecchi)

Annual hurricane days over the Atlantic observed, adjusted (1878-2008, Gabe Vecchi)

Number of tropical storms over the Atlantic, West Pacific, East Pacific, Indian Ocean, Southern Hemisphere and whole world (1851-2008, Kerry Emanual)

Number of tropical cyclones (cat 1-5) over the Atlantic, West Pacific, East Pacific, Indian Ocean, Southern Hemisphere and whole world (1851-2008, Kerry Emanual)

Number of severe tropical cyclones (cat 3-5) over the Atlantic, West Pacific, East Pacific, Indian Ocean, Southern Hemisphere and whole world (1851-2008, Kerry Emanual)

Number of very severe tropical cyclones (cat 4-5) over the Atlantic, West Pacific, East Pacific, Indian Ocean, Southern Hemisphere and whole world (1851-2008, Kerry Emanual)

Tropical Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE): North Atlantic, West Pacific, Northeast Pacific, North Indian Ocean, Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, Global (1970-now, Ryan Maue)

Atlantic basin monthly Accumulated Cyclone Energy Index, Net Tropical Cyclone Activity, annual ACE, NTC (1851-2016, Phil Klotzbach)

Northern Hemisphere, Eurasia, North America, North America without Greenland snow cover (1966-now, Rutgers University)

NH area, NH extent, SH area, SH extent (1978-now, NSIDC)

PIOMAS NH volume (1979-now, U Washington PSC)

GRACE Greenland, Antarctica mass changes, (2003-2013, TU Delft)

All-India Rainfall (1871-2016, 29 subdivision, 2880000 km2, IITM)

Homogeneous India Rainfall (1871-2014, 14 subdivisions, 1596970 km2, IITM)

Core-Monsoon India Rainfall (1871-1999, 7 subdivisions, 776942 km2, IITM)

Indian rainfall per region (map, 1871-2016, IITM)

Indian rainfall per subdivision (map, 1871-2016, IITM)

Indian minimum temperature per region (1871-2007, IITM)

Indian maximum temperature per region (1871-2007, IITM)

Jakarta Rain Days (1829-1997, KNMI)

Temperature, precipitation reconstruction (1525-1989, Pfister)

Swissmean, North low, North high, South, (1864-now, MeteoSwiss) (v1.0)

Central England Temperature (1659-now), minimum (1878-now), maximum (1878-now, Hadley Centre)

England & Wales Precipitation (1766-now), Scotland Precipitation, Northern Ireland Precipitation (1931-now, Hadley Centre)

Southeast England, Southwest England, Central England, Northeast England, Northwest England (1873-now), Southern Scotland, Eastern Scotland, Northern Scotland precipitation (1931-now, Hadley Centre)

Island of Ireland rainfall (1711-now, Maynooth University)

Haparanda homogenised mean, minimum, maximum temperature (1859-2014 U Mainz, 2015-now ECAD)

Central Netherlands Temperature (1906-now, KNMI) (v1.0)

Homogenised Dutch temperatures (10 stations, 1906-now, KNMI)

Homogenized monthly mean temperature in De Bilt (1901-now, KNMI)

Temperature in De Bilt, the Netherlands (1706-now, van Engelen & Nellestijn)

Elfstedentochten (1901-2008, KNMI)

beech nuts (1930-1967), beech crop (1930-1996)

Annual maximum of the potential evaporation deficit (1906-2017)

Strength of the Florida Current (1982-now, Florida Current Project)

AMOC transport at 26.5°N, upper mid-ocean transport, Florida Straits transport, Ekman transport (2004-now, Rapid)

Time (to investigate the time-behaviour of fields)

difference between civic date and tropical date (spurious trends in spring and autumn)

Red noise: Y(mo,yr) = white gaussian noise + Y(mo-1,yr) + Y(mo,yr-1)

ENSO, NAO indices (1981-about now, operational seasonal forecasts)

ENSO indices (1958-2001, DEMETER seasonal hindcasts)

ENSO, global mean temperature, MOC Indices (1950-2100, ESSENCE climate change experiments)